Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a long-term lung disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation and respiratory symptoms caused by abnormalities of the airways and/or air sacs of the lungs.
COPD commonly includes two overlapping patterns of lung damage: chronic bronchitis, involving long-term inflammation and mucus production in the airways, and emphysema, involving damage to the air sacs and loss of lung elasticity. Not everyone with COPD has both features.
Common symptoms include persistent cough, phlegm production, wheezing, and shortness of breath, particularly with physical activity. Smoking is an important risk factor, but COPD can also result from other long-term exposures and factors, including household or occupational air pollution and certain genetic conditions.
COPD is usually progressive, although its course varies between individuals. Treatment can reduce symptoms, improve quality of life, and lower the risk of exacerbations and complications.
QUICK FACT
COPD is not simply “chronic bronchitis.” Chronic bronchitis describes a clinical pattern of long-term productive cough, while COPD is a broader disease involving persistent airflow limitation.
COMMONLY CONFUSED WITH
Asthma: Both can cause wheezing, cough, and shortness of breath, but they are distinct conditions. Asthma is characterized by variable airflow limitation and airway inflammation, while COPD involves persistent airflow limitation.
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